Material for the Final

Data 140 Fall 2024

A. Adhikari

General Concepts and Methods

Probability

  • Chapter 1, Lab 1, Lab 2: Spaces, events, basic counting, exponential approximation
  • Chapter 2: Addition and multiplication rules; conditioning and updating
  • Chapter 5: Unions and intersections of several events; exact probabilities and bounds
  • Section 9.1: Probabilities by conditioning and recursion (discrete)
  • Section 20.2: Probabilities by conditioning on a continuous variable
  • Section 4.5, 20.2: Independence

Distribution

Expectation

  • Chapter 8, Lab 3B: The crucial properties (discrete case) including method of indicators, expectations of functions, tail sum formula (see also geometric distribution)
  • Section 12.3, 19.4: Tail bounds: Markov, Chebyshev, Chernoff
  • Section 9.2, 9.3: Expectation by conditioning
  • Section 15.3, 17.1, 20.2: Expectation using densities and joint densities, and by conditioning on a continuous variable
  • Section 19.2: Moment generating function

Variance

  • Chapter 12: Definition and basic properties; linear transformations
  • Chapter 13, Lab 5: Covariance; variance of a sum
  • Section 24.2, Homework 7, Lab 5: Correlation and its properties
  • Section 22.3, 22.4: Variance by conditioning, mixtures
  • Section 23.1: Mean vector and covariance matrix of a random vector; linear transformations

Estimation and Prediction

  • Section 8.4: Unbiased estimators
  • Section 14.5, 14.6: IID sample mean; confidence interval for population mean
  • Homework 7, Homework 15: Unbiased estimator of a population variance; independence of normal sample mean and sample variance
  • Section 20.1: Maximum likelihood estimate
  • Section 20.3: Posterior density, MAP estimate
  • Section 12.2, 22.1, 22.2: Expectation and conditional expectation as least squares predictors
  • Section 24.1, 25.4: Least squares linear predictor

Special Distributions

Random Counts

Uniform \((a, b)\)

  • Section 15.3: Density, expectation, variance, CDF
  • Section 16.3, Lab 6: Use in simulation
  • Section 19.1: Density of sum

Beta

Normal

  • Section 14.3, 14.4: CLT; Normal cdf and inverse cdf
  • Sections 14.6: Normal confidence intervals
  • Section 16.1: Normal densities
  • Section 18.1, 18.2, 18.4: Independent normal variables, linear combinations, squares, Rayleigh, chi-squared
  • Section 19.3: Normal MGF, sums, CLT
  • Section 24.2, 24.3, Lab 8: Bivariate normal, linear combinations, independence, regression
  • Chapter 23, Section 25.4: Multivariate normal, linear combinations, independence, regression

Gamma

  • Section 15.4, 16.1, 16.2.3, 18.1: Exponential and scaling; square root and the Rayleigh
  • Homework 9: Gamma function, gamma density, mean, variance
  • Section 18.3, 18.4: Gamma and scaling; chi-squared
  • Section 19.2: Sums of independent gammas with the same rate
  • Lab 7: Waiting times of arrivals in a Poisson process
  • Homework 15: The chi-squared and the normal sample variance

Omitted from the Final

  • Section 5.2 (general inclusion-exclusion formula)
  • Chapters 10, 11 (Markov Chains)
  • Section 12.4 (Heavy-tailed distributions)
  • Sections 14.1, 14.2 (Probability generating functions)
  • Section 16.4.1 (Two-to-one function change of variable for densities)
  • Section 19.3.4 (β€œProof” of the Central Limit Theorem)
  • Section 21.3 (Long-run proportion of heads for a random coin)
  • Sections 25.1, 25.2, 25.3 (general best linear predictor based on multiple predictors)